Levha Tektoniği - Yararlanılan Kaynaklar

 

Metin Referansları

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Şekil Referansları

  • Şekil 2.1: Detailed map of all known plates, their boundaries, and movements. Eric Gaba. 2006-10, updated 2015-09. CC BY-SA 2.5. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_boundaries_detailed-en.svg
  • Şekil 2.2: Wegener later in his life, ca. 1924-1930. Author unknown. ca. 1924 and 1930. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Wegener_ca.1924-30.jpg
  • Şekil 2.3: Snider-Pellegrini’s map showing the continental fit and separation, 1858. Antonio Snider-Pellegrini. 1858. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Snider-Pellegrini_Opening_of_the_Atlantic.jpg
  • Şekil 2.4: Map of world elevations. Tahaisik. 2013. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tahacik.jpg
  • Şekil 2.5: Image showing fossils that connect the continents of Gondwana (the southern continents of Pangea). Osvaldo-cangaspadilla. 2010. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg
  • Şekil  2.6: Animation of the basic idea of convection: an uneven heat source in a fluid causes rising material next to the heat and sinking material far from the heat. Oni Lukos. 2006. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Convection.gif
  • Şekil 2.7: GPS measurements of plate motions. NASA. Public domain. https://cddis.nasa.gov/docs/2009/HTS_0910.pdf
  • Şekil 2.8: The complex chemistry around mid-ocean ridges. NOAA. https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04fire/background/chemistry/media/chemistry_600.html
  • Şekil 2.9: The magnetic field of Earth, simplified as a bar magnet. Zureks. 2012. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth%27s_magnetic_field,_schematic.png
  • Şekil 2.10: This animation shows how the magnetic poles have moved over 400 years. USGS. 2010. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_Magnetic_Field_Declination_from_1590_to_1990.gif
  • Şekil 2.11: The iron in the solidifying rock preserves the current magnetic polarity as new oceanic plates form at mid ocean ridges. USGS. 2011. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mid-ocean_ridge_topography.gif
  • Şekil 2.12: The Wadati-Benioff zone, showing earthquakes following the subducting slab down. USGS. 2013. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Benioff_zone_earthquake_focus.jpg
  • Şekil  2.13: J. Tuzo Wilson. Stephen Morris. 1992. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:John_Tuzo_Wil-son_in_1992.jpg
  • Şekil 2.14: The layers of the Earth. Drlauraguertin. 2015. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/File:Earthlayers.png#file
  • Şekil 2.15: The global map of the depth of the Moho. AllenMcC. 2013. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mohomap.png
  • Şekil 2.16: This mantle xenolith containing olivine (green) is chemically weathering by hydrolysis and oxidation into the pseudo-mineral iddingsite, which is a complex of water, clay, and iron oxides. Matt Affolter. 2010. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iddingsite.JPG
  • Şekil 2.17: A polished fragment of the iron-rich Toluca Meteorite, with octahedral Widmanstätten pattern. H. Raab. 2005. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TolucaMeteorite.jpg
  • Şekil 2.18: Map of the major plates and their motions along boundaries. Scott Nash via USGS. 1996. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg
  • Şekil 2.19: The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary changes with certain tectonic situations. Nealey Sims. 2015. CC BY- SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth%27s_Inner_Layers_denoting_the_LAB.png
  • Şekil 2.20: General perovskite structure. Perovskite silicates (i.e., Bridgmenite, (Mg,Fe)SiO3) are thought to be the main component of the lower mantle, making it the most common mineral in or on Earth. Cadmium. 2006. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perovskite.jpg
  • Şekil 2.21: Lehmann in 1932. Even Neuhaus. 1932. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inge_Lehman.jpg
  • Şekil 2.22: The outer core’s spin causes our protective magnetic field. NASA. 2017. Public domain. https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/sunearth/news/gallery/earths-dynamiccore.html
  • Şekil 2.23: Passive margin. Joshua Doubek. 2013. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passive_Con-tiental_Margin.jpg
  • Şekil 2.24: Schematic of plate boundary types. NOAA via USGS. Public domain. https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/plate-boundaries.html
  • Şekil 2.25: Geologic provinces with the Shield (orange) and Platform (pink) comprising the craton, the stable interior of continents. USGS. 2005. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World_geologic_provinces.jpg
  • Şekil 2.26: Diagram of ocean–continent subduction. K. D. Schroeder. 2016. CC-BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikime-dia.org/wiki/File:Subduction-en.svg
  • Şekil 2.27: Microcontinents can become part of the accretionary prism of a subduction zone. MagentaGreen. 2014. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanic_Arc_System_SVG_en.svg
  • Şekil 2.28: Accreted terranes of western North America. Modified from illustration provided by Oceanus Magazine; original figure by Jack Cook, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; adapted by USGS. Used under fair use.
  • Şekil 2.29: Location of the large (Mw 8.5-9.0) 1755 Lisbon earthquake. USGS. 2014. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1755_Lisbon_Earthquake_Location.png
  • Şekil 2.30: Earthquakes along the Sunda megathrust subduction zone, along the island of Sumatra, showing the 2006 Mw 9.1-9.3 Indian Ocean earthquake as a star. USGS. 2007. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SundaMegathrustSeismicity.PNG
  • Şekil 2.31: Various parts of a subduction zone. USGS. 2006. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanic_Arc_System.png
  • Şekil 2.32: Shallow subduction during the Laramide orogeny. Melanie Moreno. 2006. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shallow_subduction_Laramide_orogeny.png
  • Şekil 2.33: Subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate, forming a trench and volcanic arc. USGS. 1999. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oceanic-continental_convergence_Fig21oceancont.gif
  • Şekil 2.34: Subduction of an oceanic plate beneath another oceanic plate, forming a trench and an island arc. USGS. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oceanic-oceanic_convergence_Fig21oceanocean.gif
  • Şekil 2.35: Two continental plates colliding. USGS. 2005. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Continental-continental_convergence_Fig21contcont.gif
  • Şekil 2.36: A reconstruction of Pangaea, showing approximate positions of modern continents. Kieff. 2009. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pangaea_continents.svg
  • Şekil 2.37: The tectonics of the Zagros Mountains. Mikenorton. 2010. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ZagrosFTB.png
  • Şekil 2.38: Pillow lavas, which only form under water, from an ophiolite in the Apennine Mountains of central Italy. Matt Affolter (Qfl247). 2010. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ItalyPillowBasalt.jpg
  • Şekil 2.39: Animation of India crashing into Asia. Raynaldi rji. 2015. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India-Eurasia_collision.gif
  • Şekil 2.40: Faulting that occurs in divergent boundaries. USGS; adapted by Gregors. 2011. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fault-Horst-Graben.svg
  • Şekil 2.41: The Afar Triangle (center) has the Red Sea ridge (center to upper left), Gulf of Aden ridge (center to right), and East African Rift (center to lower left) form a triple junction that are about 120° apart. Koba-chan. 2005. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Topographic30deg_N0E30.png
  • Şekil 2.42: NASA image of the Basin and Range horsts and grabens across central Nevada. NASA. 2005. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Basin_range_province.jpg
  • Şekil 2.43: India colliding into Eurasia to create the modern day Himalayas. USGS. 2007. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Himalaya-formation.gif
  • Şekil 2.44: Progression from rift to mid-ocean ridge. Hannes Grobe, Alfred Wegener, Institute for Polar and Marine Research; adapted by Lichtspiel. 2011. CC BY-SA 2.5. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean-birth.svg
  • Şekil 2.45: Age of oceanic lithosphere, in millions of years. Muller, R.D., M. Sdrolias, C. Gaina, and W.R. Roest (2008) Age, spreading rates and spreading symmetry of the world’s ocean crust, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 9, Q04006, doi:10.1029/2007GC001743. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Age_of_oceanic_lithosphere.jpg
  • Şekil 2.46: A time progression (with “a” being youngest and “c” being oldest) showing a spreading center getting wider while recording changes in the magnetic field of the Earth. Chmee2. 2012. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oceanic.Stripe.Magnetic.Anomalies.Scheme.svg
  • Şekil 2.47: Black smoker hydrothermal vent with a colony of giant (6’+) tube worms. NOAA. 2006. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Endeavour_black_smoker.jpg
  • Şekil 2.48: The two types of transform/strike-slip faults. Cferrero. 2003. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strike_slip_fault.png
  • Şekil 2.49: Map of the San Andreas fault, showing relative motion. Kate Barton, David Howell, and Joe Vigil via USGS. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sanandreas.jpg
  • Şekil 2.50: A transpressional strike-slip fault, causing uplift called a restraining bend. GeoAsh. 2015. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Restraining_Bend.png
  • Şekil 2.51: A transtensional strike-slip fault, causing a restraining bend. In the center of the fault, a depression with extension would be found. K. Martin. 2013. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Releasing_bend.png
  • Şekil 2.52: Wallace (dry) Creek on the Cariso Plain, California. Robert E. Wallace via USGS. 2014. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wallace_Creek_offset_across_the_San_Andreas_Fault.png
  • Şekil 2.53: Diagram of the Wilson Cycle, showing rifting and collision phases. Hannes Grobe. 2007. CC BY-SA 2.5. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wilson-cycle_hg.png
  • Şekil 2.54: Diagram showing a non-moving source of magma (mantle plume) and a moving overriding plate. Los688. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hotspot(geology)-1.svg
  • Şekil 2.55: Map of world hotspots. Foulger. 2011. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CourtHotspots.png
  • Şekil 2.56: The Hawaii–Emperor seamount and island chain. Ingo Wölbern. 2008. Public domain. https://commons.wiki-media.org/wiki/File:Hawaii-Emperor_engl.png
  • Şekil 2.57: Diagram of the Hawaiian hotspot and islands that it formed. Joel E. Robinson via USGS. 2006. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hawaii_hotspot_cross-sectional_diagram.jpg
  • Şekil 2.58: The track of the Yellowstone hotspot, which shows the age of different eruptions in millions of years ago. Kelvin Case. 2013. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HotspotsSRP_update2013.JPG
  • Şekil 2.59: Several prominent ash beds found in North America, including three Yellowstone eruptions shaded pink (Mesa Falls, Huckleberry Ridge, and Lava Creek), the Bisho Tuff ash bed (brown dashed line), and the modern May 18th, 1980 ash fall (yellow). USGS. 2005. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellowstone_volcano_-_ash_beds.svg



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