Kabuk Deformasyonu ve Depremler - Yararlanılan Kaynaklar
Bu Bölüm İçinde Bağlantı Verilen URL'ler
UGS geologic map viewer: https://geology.utah.gov/apps/intgeomap/
AAPG wiki: https://wiki.aapg.org/Cross_section
USGS Earthquakes Hazards Program: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?extent=27.60567,-132.97852&extent=51.91717,-97.25098&range=week&magnitude=all&listOnlyShown=true&timeZone=utc&settings=true
Raleigh waves: Propagation of Seismic Waves: Rayleigh waves. [Video: 0:15] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yXgfYHAS7c
Love waves: Propagation of Seismic Waves: Love waves. [Video: 0:15] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7wJu0Kts7w
Blog.Wolfram.com: https://blog.wolfram.com/
International Registry of Seismograph Stations: http://www.isc.ac.uk/registries/
Global Seismic Network: https://www.usgs.gov/programs/earthquake-hazards/gsn-global-seismographic-network
USArray: http://www.usarray.org/
Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization: https://www.ctbto.org/
Fix the Bricks: https://www.slc.gov/em/fix-the-bricks
Metin Referansları
- Christenson, G.E., 1995, The September 2, 1992 ML 5.8 St. George earthquake, Washington County, Utah: Utah Geological Survey Circular 88, 48 p.
- Coleman, J.L., and Cahan, S.M., 2012, Preliminary catalog of the sedimentary basins of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 1111, 27 p.
- Earle, S., 2015, Physical geology OER textbook: BC Campus OpenEd.
- Feldman, J., 2012, When the Mississippi Ran Backwards: Empire, Intrigue, Murder, and the New Madrid Earthquakes of 1811 and 1812: Free Press, 320 p.
- Fuller, M.L., 1912, The New Madrid earthquake: Central United States Earthquake Consortium Bulletin 494, 129 p.
- Gilbert, G.K., and Dutton, C.E., 1877, Report on the geology of the Henry Mountains: Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 160 p.
- Hildenbrand, T.G., and Hendricks, J.D., 1995, Geophysical setting of the Reelfoot rift and relations between rift structures and the New Madrid seismic zone: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538-E, 36 p.
- Means, W.D., 1976, Stress and Strain – Basic Concepts of Continuum Mechanics: Berlin, Springe, 273 p.
- Ressetar, R. (Ed.), 2013, The San Rafael Swell and Henry Mountains Basin: geologic centerpiece of Utah: Utah Geological Association, Utah Geological Association, 250 p.
- Satake, K., and Atwater, B.F., 2007, Long-Term Perspectives on Giant Earthquakes and Tsunamis at Subduction Zones: Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 35, no. 1, p. 349–374., doi: 10.1146/annurev.earth.35.031306.140302.
- Talwani, P., and Cox, J., 1985, Paleoseismic evidence for recurrence of Earthquakes near Charleston, South Carolina: Science, v. 229, no. 4711, p. 379–381.
Şekil Referansları
- Şekil 9.1: Types of stress. Michael Kimberly, North Carolina State University via USGS. 2021. Public domain. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/stresstypesgif
- Şekil 9.2: Different materials deform differently when stress is applied. Steven Earle. 2019. CC BY. Figure 12.1.1 from https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeology2ed/chapter/12-1-stress-and-strain/
- Şekil 9.3: “Strike” and “dip” are words used to describe the orientation of rock layers with respect to North/South and horizontal. CrunchyRocks. 2018. CC BY 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Strike_and_dip_on_bedding.svg
- Şekil 9.4: Attitude symbol on geologic map (with compass directions for reference) showing strike of N30°E and dip of 45° to the SE. Kindred Grey. 2022. CC BY 4.0. Includes Compass Rose by NAPISAH from Noun Project (Noun Project license).
- Şekil 9.5: Model of anticline. Speleotherm. 2016. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anticline.png
- Şekil 9.6: An Anticline near Bcharre, Lebanon. Not home. 2005. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anticline-lebanon.jpg
- Şekil 9.7: Monocline at Colorado National Monument. Anky-man. 2007. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monocline.JPG
- Şekil 9.8: This prominent circular feature in the Sahara desert of Mauritania has attracted attention since the earliest space missions because it forms a conspicuous bull’s-eye in the otherwise rather featureless expanse of the desert. NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team. 2000. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ASTER_Richat.jpg
- Şekil 9.9: The Denver Basin is an active sedimentary basin at the eastern extent of the Rocky Mountains. Daniel H. Knepper, Jr. (editor), US Geological Survey. 2002. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Denver_Basin_Location_Map.png
- Şekil 9.10: Common terms used for normal faults. Kindred Grey. 2022. CC BY-SA 3.0. Includes Faults6 by Actualist, 2013 (CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Faults6.png).
- Şekil 9.11: Example of a normal fault in an outcrop of the Pennsylvanian Honaker Trail Formation near Moab, Utah. James St. John. 2007. CC BY 2.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Faults_in_Moenkopi_Formation_Moab_Canyon_Utah_USA_01.jpg
- Şekil 9.12: Faulting that occurs in the crust under tensional stress. USGS; adapted by Gregors. 2011. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fault-Horst-Graben.svg
- Şekil 9.13: Simplified block diagram of a reverse fault. Kindred Grey. 2022. CC BY-SA 3.0. Includes Faults6 by Actualist, 2013 (CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Faults6.png).
- Şekil 9.14: Terminology of thrust faults (low-angle reverse faults). Woudloper. 2006. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thrust_system_en.jpg
- Şekil 9.15: Thrust fault in the North Qilian Mountains (Qilian Shan). Jide. 2006. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thrust_fault_Qilian_Shan.jpg
- Şekil 9.16: Flower structures created by strike-slip faults. Mikenorton. 2009. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flowerstructure1.png
- Şekil 9.17: Process of elastic rebound: a) Undeformed state, b) accumulation of elastic strain, and c) brittle failure and release of elastic strain. Steven Earle. Unknown date. CC BY 4.0. Figure 11.2 from https://open.maricopa.edu/physicalgeology/chapter/11-1-what-is-an-earthquake/
- Şekil 9.18: The hypocenter is the point along the fault plane in the subsurface from which seismic energy emanates. Derived from original work by Sam Hocevar. 2014. CC BY-SA 1.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epicenter_Diagram.svg
- Şekil 9.19: Example of constructive and destructive interference; note red line representing the results of interference. Lookangmany thanks to author of original simulation = Wolfgang Christian and Francisco Esquembre author of Easy Java Simulation = Francisco Esquembre. 2015. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Wave_interference#Media/File:Waventerference.gif
- Şekil 9.20: P-waves are compressional. Christophe Dang Ngoc Chan. 2006. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onde_compression_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif
- Şekil 9.21: S waves are shear. Christophe Dang Ngoc Chan. 2006. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Onde_cisaillement_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif
- Şekil 9.22: Frequency of earthquakes in the central United States. USGS. 2019. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cumulative_induced_seismicity.png
- Şekil 9.23: A seismogram showing the arrivals of the P, S, and surface waves. Kindred Grey. 2022. CC BY 4.0. Adapted from USGS (Public domain, https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/seismic-wave-showing-p-wave-and-s-wave-initiation).
- Şekil 9.24: Global network of seismic stations. USGS. 2022. Public domain. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/global-seismographic-network-gsn-stations
- Şekil 9.25: Speed of seismic waves with depth in the earth. Brews ohare. 2010. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Speeds_of_seismic_waves.PNG
- Şekil 9.26: Simplified and interpreted P- and S-wave velocity variations in the mantle across southern North America showing the subducted Farallon Plate. Oilfieldvegetarian. 2016. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FarallonTomoSlice.png
- Şekil 9.27: Tomographic image of the Farallon plate in the mantle below North America. Stuart A. Snodgrass and Hans-Peter Bunge via NASA. 2002. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Farallon_Plate.jpg
- Şekil 9.28: Example of a shake map. USGS. 2012. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USGS_Shakemap_-_1979_Imperial_Valley_earthquake.jpg
- Şekil 9.29: Example of devastation on unreinforced masonry by seismic motion. M. Mehrain, Dames and Moore via NOAA/NGDC. 2012. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Collapse_of_Unreinforced_Masonry_Buildings,_Iran_(Persia)_-_1990_Manjil_Roudbar_Earthquake.jpg
- Şekil 9.30: Fault trench near Teton Fault. Jaime Delano via USGS. 2017. Public domain. https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/teton-fault-4
- Şekil 9.31: High density of earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone. Kbh3rd. 2011. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:New_Madrid_Seismic_Zone_activity_1974-2011.svg
- Şekil 9.32: Buildings toppled from liquefaction during a 7.5 magnitude earthquake in Japan. Ungtss. 1964. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Liquefaction_at_Niigata.JPG
- Şekil 9.33: As the ocean depth becomes shallower, the wave slows down and pile up on top of itself, making large, high-amplitude waves. Régis Lachaume. 2005. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Propagation_du_tsunami_en_profondeur_variable.gif
- Şekil 9.34: Schoolhouse in Thistle, Utah destroyed by a landslide. Jenny Bauman. 2006. CC BY-SA 2.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thistle-School_house.jpg
- Şekil 9.35: Remains of San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake and fire. Lester C. Guernsey. 1906. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:San_Francisco_1906_earthquake_Panoramic_View.jpg
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