Jeolojik Zaman - Yararlanılan Kaynaklar
Metin Referansları
- Allison, P.A., and Briggs, D.E.G., 1993, Exceptional fossil record: Distribution of soft-tissue preservation through the Phanerozoic: Geology, v. 21, no. 6, p. 527–530.
- Bell, E.A., Boehnke, P., Harrison, T.M., and Mao, W.L., 2015, Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., v. 112, no. 47, p. 14518–14521.
- Brent Dalrymple, G., 1994, The Age of the Earth: Stanford University Press.
- Burleigh, R., 1981, W. F. Libby and the development of radiocarbon dating: Antiquity, v. 55, no. 214, p. 96–98.
- Christopher B. DuRoss, Stephen F. Personius, Anthony J. Crone, Susan S. Olig, and William R. Lund, 2011, Integration of Paleoseismic Data from Multiple Sites to Develop an Objective Earthquake Chronology: Application to the Weber Segment of the Wasatch Fault Zone, Utah: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 101, no. 6, p. 2765–2781., doi: 0.1785/0120110102.
- Dass, C., 2007, Basics of mass spectrometry, in Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 1–14.
- Elston, D.P., Billingsley, G.H., and Young, R.A., 1989, Geology of Grand Canyon, Northern Arizona (with Colorado River Guides): Lees Ferry to Pierce Ferry, Arizona: Amer Geophysical Union.
- Erickson, J., Coates, D.R., and Erickson, H.P., 2014, An introduction to fossils and minerals: seeking clues to the Earth’s past: Facts on File science library, Facts On File, Incorporated, Facts on File science library.
- Geyh, M.A., and Schleicher, H., 1990, Absolute Age Determination: Physical and Chemical Dating Methods and Their Application, 503 pp: Spring-er-Verlag, New York.
- Ireland, T., 1999, New tools for isotopic analysis: Science, v. 286, no. 5448, p. 2289–2290.
- Jackson, P.W., and of London, G.S., 2007, Four Centuries of Geological Travel: The Search for Knowledge on Foot, Bicycle, Sledge and Camel: Geological Society special publication, Geological Society, Geological Society special publication.
- Jaffey, A.H., Flynn, K.F., Glendenin, L.E., Bentley, W.C., and others, 1971, Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of U 235 and U 238: Phys. Rev. C Nucl. Phys.
- Léost, I., Féraud, G., Blanc-Valleron, M.M., and Rouchy, J.M., 2001, First absolute dating of Miocene Langbeinite evaporites by 40Ar/39Ar laser step-heating:[K2Mg2 (SO4) 3] Stebnyk Mine (Carpathian Foredeep Basin): Geophys. Res. Lett., v. 28, no. 23, p. 4347–4350.
- Mosher, L.C., 1968, Triassic conodonts from Western North America and Europe and Their Correlation: J. Paleontol., v. 42, no. 4, p. 895–946.
- Oberthür, T., Davis, D.W., Blenkinsop, T.G., and Höhndorf, A., 2002, Precise U–Pb mineral ages, Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd systematics for the Great Dyke, Zimbabwe—constraints on late Archean events in the Zimbabwe craton and Limpopo belt: Precambrian Res., v. 113, no. 3–4, p. 293–305.
- Patterson, C., 1956, Age of meteorites and the earth: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 10, no. 4, p. 230–237.
- Schweitzer, M.H., Wittmeyer, J.L., Horner, J.R., and Toporski, J.K., 2005, Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex: Science, v. 307, no. 5717, p. 1952–1955.
- Valley, J.W., Peck, W.H., King, E.M., and Wilde, S.A., 2002, A cool early Earth: Geology, v. 30, no. 4, p. 351–354.
- Whewell, W., 1837, History of the Inductive Sciences: From the Earliest to the Present Times: J.W. Parker, 492 p.
- Wilde, S.A., Valley, J.W., Peck, W.H., and Graham, C.M., 2001, Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago: Nature, v. 409, no. 6817, p. 175–178.
- Winchester, S., 2009, The Map That Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology: HarperCollins.
Şekil Referansları
- Şekil 7.1: Nicolas Steno, c. 1670. Justus Sustermans. ca. 1666 and 1677; uploaded in 2012. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Nicolas_Stenonus.jpg
- Şekil 7.2: Geologic time scale. USGS. 1997. Public domain. https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/fossils/numeric.html
- Şekil 7.3: Lower strata are older than those lying on top of them. Wilson44691. 2009. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IsfjordenSuperposition.jpg
- Şekil 7.4: Lateral continuity. Roger Bolsius. 2013. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_Panorama_2013.jpg
- Şekil 7.5: Dark dike cutting across older rocks, the lighter of which is younger than the grey rock. Thomas Eliasson of Geological Survey of Sweden. 2008. CC BY 2.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Multiple_Igneous_Intrusion_Phases_Kosterhavet_Sweden.jpg
- Şekil 7.6: Fossil succession showing correlation among strata. דקי 2010. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Faunal_sucession.jpg
- Şekil 7.7: The Grand Canyon of Arizona. Jean-Christophe BENOIST. 2012. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_-_Hopi_Point.JPG
- Şekil 7.8: The rocks of the Grand Canyon. NPS. 2018. Public domain. https://www.nps.gov/articles/age-of-rocks-in-grand-canyon.htm
- Şekil 7.9: The red, layered rocks of the Grand Canyon Supergroup overlying the dark-colored rocks of the Vishnu schist represents a type of unconformity called a nonconformity. Simeon87. 2012. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_with_Snow_4.JPG
- Şekil 7.10: All three of these formations have a disconformity at the two contacts between them. NPS. 2009. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Redwall,_Temple_Butte_and_Muav_formations_in_Grand_Canyon.jpg
- Şekil 7.11: In the lower part of the picture is an angular unconformity in the Grand Canyon known as the Great Unconformity. Doug Dolde. 2008. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:View_from_Lipan_Point.jpg
- Şekil 7.12: Disconformity. דקי. 2008. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Disconformity.jpg
- Şekil 7.13: Nonconformity (the lower rocks are igneous or metamorphic). דקי. 2008. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nonconformity.jpg
- Şekil 7.14: Angular unconformity. דקי. 2008. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Angular_unconformity.jpg
- Şekil 7.15: Block diagram to apply relative dating principles. Woudloper. 2009. CC BY-SA 1.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cross-cutting_relations.svg
- Şekil 7.16: Canada’s Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt may have the oldest rocks and oldest evidence life on Earth, according to recent studies. NASA. 2008. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvvuagittuq_belt_rocks.jpg
- Şekil 7.17: Three isotopes of hydrogen. Dirk Hünniger. 2016. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-en.svg
- Şekil 7.18: Simulation of half-life. Sbyrnes321. 2010. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Halflife-sim.gif
- Şekil 7.19: Granite (left) and gneiss (right). Fjæregranitt3 by Friman, 2007 (CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fj%C3%A6regranitt3.JPG). Gneiss by Siim Sepp, 2005 (CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gneiss.jpg).
- Şekil 7.20: An alpha decay: Two protons and two neutrons leave the nucleus. Inductiveload. 2007. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha_Decay.svg
- Şekil 7.21: Periodic table of the elements. Sandbh. 2017. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic_Table_Chart_with_less_active_and_active_nonmetals.png
- Şekil 7.22: Decay chain of U-238 to stable Pb-206 through a series of alpha and beta decays. ThaLibster. 2017. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decay_Chain_of_Uranium-238.svg
- Şekil 7.23: The two paths of electron capture. Pamputt. 2015. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atomic_rearrangement_following_an_electron_capture.svg
- Şekil 7.24: Mass spectrometer instrument. Archives CAMECA. 2006. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:IMS3F_pbmf.JPG
- Şekil 7.25: Graph of the amount of half life versus the amount of daughter isotope. Krishnavedala. 2015. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Half_times.svg
- Şekil 7.26: Schematic of carbon going through a mass spectrometer. Mike Christie. 2013. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Accelerator_mass_spectrometer_schematic_for_radiocarbon.svg
- Şekil 7.27: Carbon dioxide concentrations over the last 400,000 years. Robert A. Rohde. 2011. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carbon_Dioxide_400kyr.svg
- Şekil 7.28: Artist’s impression of the Earth in the Hadean. Tim Bertelink. 2016. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadean.png
- Şekil 7.29: Photomicrograph of zircon crystal. Denniss. 2006. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zircon_microscope.jpg
- Şekil 7.30: Several prominent ash beds found in North America, including three Yellowstone eruptions shaded pink (Mesa Falls, Huckleberry Ridge, and Lava Creek), the Bisho Tuff ash bed (brown dashed line), and the modern May 18th, 1980 ash fall (yellow). USGS. 2005. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellowstone_volcano_-_ash_beds.svg
- Şekil 7.31: Thermoluminescence, a type of luminescence dating. Zkeizars. 2008. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keizars_TLexplained2.jpg
- Şekil 7.32: Apatite from Mexico. Robert M. Lavinsky. Before March 2010. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apatite-(CaF)-280343.jpg
- Şekil 7.33: Archaeopteryx lithographica, specimen displayed at the Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. H. Raab. 2009. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Archaeopteryx_lithographica_(Berlin_specimen).jpg
- Şekil 7.34: The trilobites had a hard exoskeleton, and is an early arthropod, the same group that includes modern insects, crustaceans, and arachnids. Wilson44691. 2010. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ElrathiakingiUtahWheelerCambrian.jpg
- Şekil 7.35: Mosquito preserved in amber. Didier Desouens. 2010. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ambre_Dominique_Moustique.jpg
- Şekil 7.36: Permineralization in petrified wood. Moondigger. 2005. CC BY-SA 2.5. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Petrified_forest_log_2_md.jpg
- Şekil 7.37: External mold of a clam. Wilson44691. 2007. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aviculopecten_subcardiformis01.JPG
- Şekil 7.38: Carbonized leaf. Wilson44691. 2008. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ViburnumFossil.jpg
- Şekil 7.39: Dinosaur tracks as a record of its passing. Ballista. 2006. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cheirotherium_prints_possibly_Ticinosuchus.JPG
- Şekil 7.40: Fossil animal droppings (coprolite). USGS. 2008. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coprolite.jpg
- Şekil 7.41: Variation within a population. Inglesenargentina. 2006. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bell-shaped-curve.JPG
- Şekil 7.42: Image showing fossils that connect the continents of Gondwana (the southern continents of Pangea). Osvaldocangaspadilla. 2010. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Snider-Pellegrini_Wegener_fossil_map.svg
- Şekil 7.43: Correlation of strata along the Grand Staircase from the Grand Canyon to Zion Canyon, Bryce Canyon, and Cedar Breaks. NPS. 2005. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Staircase-big.jpg
- Şekil 7.44: View of Navajo Sandstone from Angel’s Landing in Zion National Park. Diliff. 2004. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zion_angels_landing_view.jpg
- Şekil 7.45: Stevens Arch in the Navajo Sandstone at Coyote Gulch some 125 miles away from Zion National Park. G. Thomas. 2007. Public domain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StevensArchUT.jpg
- Şekil 7.46: Cross-section of the Permian El Capitan Reef at Guadalupe National Monument, Texas. Kindred Grey. 2022. Adapted under fair use from Garber, R.A., Grover, G.A., & Harris, P.M. (1989). Geology of the Capitan Shelf Margin – Subsurface Data from the Northern Delaware Basin (DOI:10.2110/cor.89.13.0003).
- Şekil 7.47: The rising sea levels of transgressions create onlapping sediments, regressions create offlapping. Woudloper. 2009. CC BY-SA 1.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Offlap_%26_onlap_EN.svg
- Şekil 7.48: Index fossils used for biostratigraphic correlation. David Bond. 2016. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biostratigraphic_index_fossils_01.svg
- Şekil 7.49: Foraminifera, microscopic creatures with hard shells. Hans Hillewaert. 2011. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quinqueloculina_seminula.jpg
- Şekil 7.50: Conodonts. USGS. 2007. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Conodonts.jpg
- Şekil 7.51: Artist reconstruction of the conodont animal. Philippe Janvier. 1997. CC BY 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euconodonta.gif
- Şekil 7.52: Geologic time on Earth, represented circularly, to show the individual time divisions and important events. Woudloper; adapted by Hardwigg. 2010. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geologic_Clock_with_events_and_periods.svg
- Şekil 7.53: Geologic time scale with ages shown. USGS. 2009. Public domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geologic_time_scale.jpg
- Şekil 7.54: Names from the geologic time scale applied to taxonomical diversity of some major animal taxa. Frederik Lerouge. 2015. CC BY-SA 4.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geologic_Time_Scale.png
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